系统
uname -a # 查看内核/操作系统/
cpu信息
Linux hostname 2.6.18-128.el5 #1 SMP Wed Dec 17 11:41:38 EST 2008 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
head -n 1 /etc/issue # 查看操作系统版本
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server release 5.3 (Tikanga)
cat /proc/cpuinfo # 查看CPU信息
processor : 0
vendor_id : Genuine
intel
cpu family : 6
model : 44
model name : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU X5670 @ 2.93GHz
stepping : 2
cpu MHz : 2933.582
cache size : 12288 KB
physical id : 1
siblings : 12
core id : 0
cpu cores : 6
apicid : 32
fpu : yes
fpu_exception : yes
cpuid level : 11
wp : yes
flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc ida pni monitor ds_cpl vmx smx est tm2 cx16 xtpr popcnt lahf_lm
bogomips : 5871.13
clflush size : 64
cache_alignment : 64
address sizes : 40 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:
hostname # 查看计算机主机名
hostname.com.cn
lspci -tv # 列出所有PCI设备
-[0000:00]-+-00.0 Intel Corporation 5500 I/O Hub to ESI Port
+-01.0-[02]--+-00.0 Broadcom Corporation NetXtreme II BCM57711E 10-G igabit PCIe
| -00.1 Broadcom Corporation NetXtreme II BCM57711E 10-G igabit PCIe
+-02.0-[0d]--
+-03.0-[03-05]--
+-07.0-[06-08]--
+-08.0-[11]--
+-09.0-[09-0b]--+-00.0 QLogic Corp. ISP2432-based
4gb Fibre Channel
lsusb -tv # 列出所有USB设备
Bus# 6
`-Dev# 1 Vendor 0x0000 Product 0x0000
`-Dev# 2 Vendor 0x03f0 Product 0x1027
Bus# 5
`-Dev# 1 Vendor 0x0000 Product 0x0000
Bus# 4
`-Dev# 1 Vendor 0x0000 Product 0x0000
Bus# 3
`-Dev# 1 Vendor 0x0000 Product 0x0000
Bus# 2
`-Dev# 1 Vendor 0x0000 Product 0x0000
Bus# 1
`-Dev# 1 Vendor 0x0000 Product 0x0000
lsmod # 列出加载的内核模块 env # 查看环境变量资源
_=/bin/env
CVS_RSH=ssh
G_BROKEN_FILENAMES=1
HISTSIZE=1000
HOME=/root
INPUTRC=/etc/inputrc
KDEDIR=/usr
KDE_IS_PRELINKED=1
KDE_NO_IPV6=1
LANG=en_US.UTF-8
LESSOPEN=|/usr/bin/lesspipe.sh %s
LOGNAME=root
MAIL=/var/spool/mail/root
PATH=/usr/lib64/qt-3.3/bin:/usr/kerberos/sbin:/usr/kerberos/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
free -m # 查看
内存使用量和交换区使用量
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 48295 9647 38648 0 1165 4067
-/+ buffers/cache: 4413 43881
Swap: 3999 0 3999
df -h # 查看各分区使用情况
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/rootVG-root
83G 7.4G 72G 10% /
/dev/mapper/rootVG-tmp
3.9G 137M 3.6G 4% /tmp
/dev/mapper/rootVG-var
31G 5.1G 24G 18% /var
du -sh <目录名> # 查看指定目录的大小
# du -sh /tmp
84K /tmp
grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo # 查看内存总量
<pre name="code" class="plain"># <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo</span>
MemTotal: 16432172 kB
grep MemFree /proc/meminfo # 查看空闲内存量
# grep MemFree /proc/meminfo
MemFree: 12647164 kB
uptime # 查看系统运行时间、用户数、负载
14:15:28 up 4 days, 2:56, 1 user, load average: 1.17, 1.15, 1.10
cat /proc/loadavg # 查看系统负载
# cat /proc/loadavg
1.11 1.14 1.09 1/546 5175
磁盘和分区
mount | column -t # 查看挂接的分区状态
/dev/mapper/rootVG-root on / type ext3 (rw)
proc on /proc type proc (rw)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620)
/dev/mapper/rootVG-tmp on /tmp type ext3 (rw)
fdisk -l # 查看所有分区
Disk /dev/cciss/c0d0: 146.7 GB, 146778685440 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 17844 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/cciss/c0d0p1 * 1 19 152586 83 Linux
/dev/cciss/c0d0p2 20 17844 143179312+ 8e Linux LVM
Disk /dev/sdc: 384.3 GB, 384399572992 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 46733 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Disk /dev/sdc doesn't contain a valid partition table
Disk /dev/sde: 225.4 GB, 225485783040 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 27413 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
swapon -s # 查看所有交换分区
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/mapper/rootVG-swap partition 16777208 0 -1
hdparm -i /dev/hda # 查看磁盘参数（仅适用于IDE设备）dmesg | grep IDE # 查看启动时IDE设备检测状况
Uniform Multi-Platform E-IDE driver Revision: 7.00alpha2
Probing IDE
interface ide0...
Probing IDE interface ide1...
网络
ifconfig # 查看所有网络接口的属性
bond0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr F4:CE:46:7E:D7:68
inet addr:10.56.236.101 Bcast:10.56.236.127 Mask:255.255.255.128
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MASTER MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:196625663 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:166879878 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:30475502617 (28.3 GiB) TX bytes:34248137790 (31.8 GiB)
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr F4:CE:46:7E:D7:68
UP BROADCAST RUNNING SLAVE MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:196625663 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:166879878 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:30475502617 (28.3 GiB) TX bytes:34248137790 (31.8 GiB)
Interrupt:130 Memory:fb000000-fb7fffff
iptables -L # 查看防火墙设置
Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
route -n # 查看路由表
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
10.56.236.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.128 U 0 0 0 bond0
169.254.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 bond0
0.0.0.0 10.56.236.126 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 bond0
netstat -lntp # 查看所有监听端口
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:2049 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN -
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:389 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 12782/ns-slapd
# netstat -antp # 查看所有已经建立的连接
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:2049 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN -
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:389 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 12782/ns-slapd
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:11111 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 15217/ricci
netstat -s # 查看网络统计信息
Ip:
195815097 total packets received
8 forwarded
0 incoming packets discarded
195814891 incoming packets delivered
167012221 requests sent out
3 outgoing packets dropped
7 fragments dropped after timeout
231 reassemblies required
33 packets reassembled ok
7 packet reassembles failed
8 fragments received ok
32 fragments created
Icmp:
25034 ICMP messages received
16 input ICMP message failed.
ICMP input histogram:
destination unreachable: 173
echo requests: 13025
echo replies: 11836
25060 ICMP messages sent
0 ICMP messages failed
ICMP output histogram:
destination unreachable: 185
echo request: 11842
echo replies: 13025
IcmpMsg:
InType0: 11836
InType3: 173
InType8: 13025
OutType0: 13025
OutType3: 185
OutType8: 11842
OutType10: 8
进程
ps -ef # 查看所有进程
UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD
root 1 0 0 Jul10 ? 00:00:05 init [3]
root 2 1 0 Jul10 ? 00:00:03 [migration/0]
root 3 1 0 Jul10 ? 00:00:00 [ksoftirqd/0]
root 4 1 0 Jul10 ? 00:00:00 [watchdog/0]
top # 实时显示进程状态
Tasks: 385 total, 1 running, 384 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
Cpu(s): 0.2%us, 0.3%sy, 0.0%ni, 98.6%id, 0.8%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.1%si, 0.0%st
Mem: 16432172k total, 3795132k used, 12637040k free, 800952k buffers
Swap: 16777208k total, 0k used, 16777208k free, 1729708k cached
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
7339 root 15 0 11016 1192 700 R 2.0 0.0 0:00.01 top
17378 root 10 -5 0 0 0 D 2.0 0.0 6:50.74 kjournald
1 root 15 0 10372 704 596 S 0.0 0.0 0:05.31 init
用户
w # 查看活动用户
14:33:53 up 4 days, 3:15, 1 user, load average: 1.17, 1.14, 1.10
USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT
root pts/0 10.141.41.62 13:11 0.00s 0.05s 0.05s -bash
id <用户名> # 查看指定用户信息
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root),1(bin),2(daemon),3(sys),4(adm),6(disk),10(wheel)
last # 查看用户登录日志
root pts/0 10.141.41.62 Mon Jul 14 13:11 still logged in
root pts/0 10.141.41.62 Mon Jul 14 10:38 - 12:34 (01:56)
root pts/0 10.141.152.51 Sun Jul 13 07:14 - 11:55 (04:41)
root pts/2 10.140.2.76 Fri Jul 11 17:50 - 18:38 (00:47)
cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd # 查看系统所有用户
# cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd
root
bin
daemon
adm
cut -d: -f1 /etc/group # 查看系统所有组
root
bin
daemon
sys
adm
tty
disk
crontab -l # 查看当前用户的计划任务
服务
chkconfig --list # 列出所有系统服务
httpd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
ip6tables 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
network 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
nfs 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
nfslock 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
nscd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
ntpd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
oddjobd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
oractl 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
snmpd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
snmptrapd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
sshd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
syslog 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
chkconfig –list | grep on # 列出所有启动的系统服务
程序
rpm -qa # 查看所有安装的
软件包
# rpm -qa | grep perl
perl-HTML-Parser-3.55-1.fc6
perl-Net-Telnet-3.03-5
perl-LDAP-0.33-4.el5_8
perl-XML-LibXML-1.58-6
其他常用命令整理如下：
查看
主板的序列号：dmidecode | grep -i 'serial number'用
硬件检测程序kuduz探测新硬件：service kudzu start （ or restart）查看CPU信息：cat /proc/cpuinfo [dmesg | grep -i 'cpu'][dmidecode -t processor]查看内存信息：cat /proc/meminfo [free -m][vmstat]查看板卡信息：cat /proc/pci查看
显卡/声卡信息：lspci |grep -i 'VGA'[dmesg | grep -i 'VGA']查看网卡信息：dmesg | grep -i 'eth'[cat /etc/sysconfig/hwconf | grep -i eth][lspci | grep -i 'eth']查看PCI信息：lspci （相比cat /proc/pci更直观）查看USB设备：cat /proc/bus/usb/devices查看键盘和鼠标：cat /proc/bus/input/devices查看系统硬盘信息和使用情况：fdisk & disk – l & df查看各设备的中断请求（IRQ）：cat /proc/interrupts查看系统体系结构：uname -a查看及启动系统的32位或64位内核模式：isalist –v [isainfo –v][isainfo –b]查看硬件信息，包括b
ios、cpu、内存等信息：dmidecode测定当前的显示器刷新频率：/usr/sbin/ffbconfig –rev ?查看系统配置：/usr/platform/sun4u/sbin/prtdiag –v查看当前系统中已经应用的补丁：showrev –p显示当前的运行级别：who –rH查看当前的bind版本信息：nslookup –class=chaos –q=txt version.bind查看硬件信息：dmesg | more显示外设信息， 如usb，网卡等信息：lspci查看已加载的驱动： lsnod lshw查看当前处理器的类型和速度（主频）：psrinfo -v打印当前的OBP版本号：prtconf -v查看硬盘物理信息（vendor， RPM， Capacity）：iostat –E查看磁盘的几何参数和分区信息：prtvtoc /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s 显示已经使用和未使用的i-node数目：
df –F ufs –o i
isalist –v
对于“/proc”中文件可使用文件查看命令浏览其内容，文件中包含系统特定信息：
主机CPU信息：Cpuinfo
主机DMA通道信息：Dma
文件系统信息：Filesystems
主机中断信息：Interrupts
主机I/O端口号信息：Ioprots
主机内存信息：Meninfo
Linux内存版本信息：Version
备注： proc – process information pseudo-filesystem 进程信息伪装文件系统
